Early Latin America CCOT Essay Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Early Latin America CCOT Essay Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Early Latin America CCOT Essay Thesis: Throughout the settlement of the Spanish in Latin America, ____ changed through _____, while ______ persisted through _____. PRIMES of Latin America Conquest (14921570s) Political: Unplanned: King and Council of Indies will take charge To rule, Spain created administrative institutions: the governorship, the treasury office, and the royal court of appeals staffed by professional magistrates Spanish legalism was part of the institutional transfer Religion: missionary sent to convert (catholicism) voluntary + coerced conversion The Mission, Valladolid debate (treatment of natives in the new world spanish city valladolid) De Las Casa (one cannot go to heaven if they keep killing natives, supported natives and wanted them to be protected. Harsh treatment of natives. Nonviolent solutions are available.) The church, represented at first by individual priests and then by missionaries such as the Dominicans, participated in the enterprise By 1530, a cathedral was being built on Hispaniola, and a university soon followed Intellectual: Everything is renamed in Spanish > Latin America Wealthy Creoles went back to Spain to complete education Cities: recreate Spain along grid lines churches maintained records of births deaths etc. (creoles vs peninsularesmake sure creoles cant gain any political/religious power) Military: conquest areas of resistance Disease and conquest virtually annihilated the native peoples of the Caribbean Depopulation of the laboring population led to slaving on other islands, and in 30 years or so, most of the indigenous population had died or been killed natives had no weapons, therefore Spaniards saw them as weak and easily conquered Economy: Route to Asia Spanish and Italian merchants began to import African slaves to work on the few sugar plantations that operated on the islands Looking for trade with Asia Trading ports: possession of gold silver, spices. Spanish take over land, Portugese not as much. Encomienda land to noble > collect taxes from them, as well as the must buy goods from producer Mita > forced labor > Potosi Mines Encomienda + Mita > led to loss of natives (early on) communal manufacturing + farming, provided food + clothing, for domestic market. Disease and conquest virtually annihilated Social: 85% white men small population = tropical dependency Goal: 2 separate republics > miscegenation > depopulation > blacks + miscegenation. As early as 1510, the mistreatment and destruction of the American Indians led to attempts by cleric and royal administrators to end the worst abuses Bartolome de Las Casas (14841566) Dominican friar who initiated the struggle for justice Conquest was not a unified movement but rather a series of individual initiatives that usually operated with government approval Topics of the Exam 1. Renaissance Italy: Greco Roman Humanism/ Individual worth Cultural, Arts/ Literature Intellectuals (John Locke) 2. Reformation: M.L. (95 Theses) R.C.C. abuses, corruption Translated the Bible German vernacular John Calvin French theologian during the protestant reformation. Believed in predestination, monergism, and damnation (punishment for actions committed on earth) 3. Enlightenment Locke Vs. Hobbes (absolutism) Limited Monarchy (Result) 4. Columbus + historical time period 5. Bourbon Reforms Charles III (enlightened despot) reign mid 1700s higher profitability of spanish colonies reforms taxation system grants monopolies to spanish corporations: Cuban Sugar, Buenos Aires: Coffee, Salted Beef, Seeds Spanish flooded local economy w/ cheap goods (local handicrafts/industries cant compete w/ cheap spanish goods Method: New Vice Royalties : New Grenada (1739) Rio de la Plata (1778) Reformation of Mining techniques means more silver for the crown Local Magistrates replaced by provincial governor who report directly to the crown Local Creole Autonomy diminished Increase resentment Creoles wanted independence. Effective? Short term yes for the spanish economy and increase in Spanish control over colonies, but long term resentment of crown by most social classes Settlement Primes (second period) Political: Treaty of Tordesillas (The pope split the world into two where the west would be left for the Spanish to conquer and the east was left for the Portuguese to conquer) Professional bureaucracy based on Spanish system of Legalism Royal Nomination of church officials (govt side by side with church) Encomienda system: Grants of lands Spanish (Indigenous People=labor) Religion: Clergy Missionaries Forced Conversions Church hierarchy develops Churches were set up 1) Pope 2) Cardinotes 3) Archbishops 4) Bishops 5) Priests Loyal to mother country Spain Church not available to natives forces them to follow catholicism and be obedient and pay their funds. Intellectual: Church establishes universities to 1. Convert People 2. Record Birth and Death Record traditional Culture Economic: Silver Mines (Forced Labor) Mercantilistic Policy Social: Arrival of Spanish Women Transatlantic slave trade Castas system develops 1. Racial hierarchy developed Multiracial society is developed Middle Upper class women's patriarchal society Black man + Spanish Women = Mulatto Machismo = male dominated Lower class women enjoyed more social mobility because they owned small business in villages and towns Encomienda system: Grants of